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CHEM 2370: Organic Chemistry

• Hybridization
• Polarity
• Kinetics (ex: rate of reaction, trans state, energy of activation, Hammond Postulate, Maxwell distribution)
• Rate Determining Step in Multistep Reaction
• Molecular Geometry (bond angles, syn/anti conformation, energy stabilization/low energy conformation
• Sigma Bonds
• Pi Bonds
• Acid and Base Equilibrium
• Resonance
• Isomers
• Recommended Journal Databases
• Print References

Hybridization

• Following link has flash animations for many topics in chemistry. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/flash.mhtml

• Link below uses the book, Chemistry: the science in context and it provides 13 slides of tutorials with animation and practice questions on, hybrid orbital and Atomic Orbital hybridization. http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_07&folder=hybridization

• Animated description of: Pure atomic orbital of central atom, hybridization of the central atom, number of hybrid orbitals, and it also includes a section on shapes of hybrid orbitals. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf

• Tutorial on: hybridization and bonding, hybridization of atomic orbitals and the shape of molecules, hybridization involving d-orbitals, and hybridization involving multiple bonds. Drawing electron-Dot formulas, Graphs on valence bonding theory, and other topics such as resonance and the Octet rule. An image description of each type of bonding is also included in this tutorial. http://chemistry.boisestate.edu/people/richardbanks/inorganic/bonding%20and%20hybridization/bonding_hybridization.htm

•  Tutorial comes in a handout format and shows how to draw the shapes of molecules based on their Lewis structure. Explanation on how the atomic orbitals of the central atom are hybridized and how hybrid orbitals arrange themselves in the shape that minimizes the repulsions of electrons occupying these hybrid orbitals, are also included. http://pages.towson.edu/ladon/shapes.html

• Tutorial includes: Concept of hybridization; types of hybridization, Electronic delocalization. http://www.scribd.com/doc/11581882/-Hybridization

•  Shockwave tutorials on Hybridization created by Darrell Woodman from University of Washington.  It has shockwave tutorials on Hybridization and it displays models, to show which atomic orbital is or is not used in sp Hybridization. http://www.tfn.net/~pendarr/introductory.html  

• Tutorial covers one chapter on Hybridization, bond (valence) angles and bond lengths using colorful models.  It shows the principal factors defining the 3D structure of organic compounds, as they control the size and overall shape of building blocks from which matter is made up. Among discussed topics are: Carbon Atom, sp² Hybridization, sp Hybridization, Hybridization of Nitrogen Oxygen, and Ammonia. http://tigger.uic.edu/~kbruzik/text/chapt1a.htm

•  Jeopardy Game for: General Chemistry, Organic, Biochemistry, Analytical chemistry, but this particular link covers Hybridization and other related topics.  http://chemed.chem.pitt.edu/Jeopardy/organic/game03/single_jeopardy.htm

• This page presents exercises in determining the hybridizations of atoms. It includes problems on determining the hybridization using a given structured formula. http://science.widener.edu/svb/tutorial/hybrid/hybridization.html

• The following link covers many topics with lecture on audio and animations.  The topic on Hybridization is discussed together with Bonding and VSPER theory. http://ochem.jsd.claremont.edu/tutorials.htm#

• Provides brief information about Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure. General information about hybridization is included in the tutorial. http://www.tutors4you.com/chembonding.htm
  

  Polarity

  Animated and clear display of molecule polarity; compares different molecules and displays the each molecule structure with a description of its shape. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom4s2_7.swf

• Tutorial uses three methods on how to determine a molecule's polarity and how to combine the various polar bonds in the molecule into the overall polarity. http://www.chem.lsu.edu/lucid/tutorials/polarity/tutorial.html 

• Tutorial is on the Polarity of water and it shows images of polarity results and other various molecular structures on the topic. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.html

• The website has many animated tutorials, and the link above uses a simple study sheet to show a step by step process on how to predict molecular polarity. The tutorial first lists the steps, and uses examples with solutions, and uses the Lewis dot diagrams for illustration to practically demonstrate the concept of polarity and polarity prediction.  http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_molecular_polarity.htm

• The tutorial explains and illustrates the concepts in bonding. Topics covered are: types of bonds, energy levels, orbitals, electron configurations, covalent bonding, hybridization, VSEPR, exceptions to the octet rule, and polar bonds. http://library.thinkquest.org/15567/lessons/1.html

• A very thorough review of ionic and covalent bonding, multiple bonds, Lewis dot diagrams, polar and nonpolar bonds, and dipoles. http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55

• Provides an introductory tutorial on molecule polarity, and provides thorough description of polar and nonpolar molecules. Shows arrangement of the molecules and uses examples that are accompanied by detailed explanations. http://www.ausetute.com.au/molpolar.htm
  

Kinetics (ex: rate of reaction, trans state, energy of activation, Hammond Postulate, Maxwell distribution)

• Animated slide show that provides information on Reaction rates, reaction calculation and finding reaction’s average rate, relative rate, and how to express the rate. The tutorial is accompanied with animated graphs and practice questions with answers that are a click away.http://www.wwnorton.com/college/chemistry/gilbert/tutorials/interface.asp?chapter=chapter_14&folder=reaction_rate

• Provides a very thorough review of chemical kinetics: rate equations, rate constant and order of reaction, rate equations from experimental data, activation energy and rate constant, the rate determining step in a reaction, mechanisms and kinetic data, the transition state, experimental techniques for following reactions, presenting and interpreting kinetics graphs, and half-life. http://www.drbateman.net/asa2sums/sum5.4/sum5.4.htm

• Provides an introduction to the study of chemical kinetics based on the exploration of dynamic phenomena. Includes some good simulations. http://www.stolaf.edu/depts/chemistry/courses/toolkits/126/kinetex/   

• General information on Kinetics that includes definitions and relationships among: chemical kinetics, reaction mechanism, reaction rate, differential rate law, and half life.  The tutorial is accompanied with formulas, table, and graphs. http://www.learnchem.net/tutorials/kinetics.shtml

• Introduces the concept of chemical kinetics, and combines models with experiments, and uses common types of rate laws, to show how chemical reactions take place at the molecular level. http://www.bsw-uiuc.net/tutinf/Kinetic/introduction/intro.html

•  Introduces the concept of chemical kinetics, and combines models with experiments, and uses common types of rate laws, to show how chemical reactions take place at the molecular level. http://www.bsw-uiuc.net/tutinf/Kinetic/introduction/intro.html

• Tutorial on chemical reaction and their reaction rate and the reasons behind the increase and decrease of reaction rate.  It provides presentation slides to: illustrate change in activation caused by catalyst and its effect; the phenomena behind an increase in reaction rates; slow and fast chemical reaction rate that are accompanied with diagrams and graphs. https://www.wikipremed.com/image_archive.php?code=020900

• The following link has websites that are all about Kinetics and it includes a thorough description of what each website entails. http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences/cgi-bin/browse.pl?id=322
  

• Provides description of all concepts related to chemical kinetics, and the concept and experiment information is displayed in a table format with three columns for these topics: reaction rate, rate of reaction, differential rate laws, integrated rate laws, half-life, method of initial rates, isolation method, and Kinetics of the Bromate-Bromide Ion Reaction.  All topics are hyperlinked to a more detailed page that includes activities with examples. http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ChemistryApplets/kinetics/ReactionRates.html

•  Provides a tutorial and drill problems for general chemistry.  It includes drill questions and a summary section that elaborates each question and its answers. http://chemistry.twu.edu/tutorial/Kinetics.html

• Provides a through description of each key concept found in chemical kinetics with examples and graphs as well as tables that describe each reactions’: condition, affect on rate, and an explanation. http://www.ausetute.com.au/reactrate.html

•  Tutorial on chemical kinetics, but particularly in these topics: The Rate Law Versus the Stoichiometry of a Reaction, Instantaneous Rates of Reaction and the Rate Law for a Reaction, Rate Laws and Rate Constants, A Collision Theory Model of Chemical Reactions, and Different Ways of Expressing the Rate of Reaction.  Each topic is accompanied by practice problems with their solutions. http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch22/rate.php

•  Provides detailed description of concepts related to Rates of Reaction.  Each concept is described thoroughly in different pages. http://www2.ucdsb.on.ca/tiss/stretton/CHEM2/ratex.htm
  

Rate Determining Step in Multistep Reaction

• Provides a step by step tutorial on reaction mechanism and rate-determining step.  It includes practice questions and experiments for students to try on their own. http://www.saskschools.ca/curr_content/chem30_05/2_kinetics/kinetics2_2.htm

• Covers various topics, and one of the objectives of the tutorial is to: define and identify the Rate Determining Step. Through an interactive diagrams and self test, the tutorial covers various topics. http://www.wfu.edu/academics/chemistry/courses/energydiagram/EnergyDiagrams.swf  
  

• The following Tutorial identifies and defines different chemical reactions and points out which ones are involved in the rate determining step.  Tutorial is accompanied by diagrams and illustrations. http://www.orgachemistryhelp.com/articles/types-of-chemical-reactions.html
  

• Covers rate determining step when instructing about Nucleophilic Substitution using interactive images and useful illustrations. http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch08/ch8-2.htm
  
  

Molecular Geometry (bond angles, syn/anti conformation, energy stabilization/low energy conformation

•   Below link contains various websites that provide tutorials on the “molecular geometry” topic. http://river.vansd.org/14544/chemwebtutorial/tutbond.html 

• Tutorial covers step by step instruction and various atomic structures to show the different methods used for predicting molecular shape. http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/chemistry/chapter4section8.rhtml 

• Interactive video tutorial (6-7 minutes long) on Electronic and Molecular Geometry. http://www.yobler.com/action/viewvideo/642/Chemistry_Lesso__Electronic_and_Molecular_Geometry/

• Tutorial on: molecular geometry using VESPER model; Relating Structure to Dipole Moment; and Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding.  Each tutorial is accompanied by drill problems. http://chemistry.twu.edu/tutorial/MolGeometryBonding.html

 Sigma Bonds

• A one page basic chemistry summary that includes assertion on Sigma Bonds and images of bonding structures.  http://plc.cwru.edu/tutorial/enhanced/files/polymers/chem/chem.htm

• Overall tutorial about chemical bonding and short tutorial that shows comparison between Sigma and Pi bonds with bonding illustrations. http://crystalclearchemistry.com/organic/concepts/bonding.php

• Tutorial that provides a thorough description of: Hybridization, covalent bonding, Sigma Bonds, types of hybridization, double bonds, pi bonds, triple bonds, comparison of hybrid types, and valence. This particular page is about Sigma Bonds, and it provides quite a few examples of Sigma Bonds. http://dl.clackamas.edu/ch106-02/sigma.htm

• Tutorial on covalent bonding, and sigma bonds are listed along with other bonds with their description and examples.  http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/doublebonds.html

• Tutorial on Sigma and Pi bonds.  It provides a comparison of the two types of bonds using a table format. Provides description of the bonds and specifically looks at the effect of temperature. http://www.goiit.com/posts/show/815570/chemical-bonding-effect-of-temperature-805352.htm

• Tutorial on: molecular structure, Isomers, analysis of molecular analysis, resonance, atomic and molecular orbits. As these topics are explained and illustrated using tables and colorful examples of structures, it briefly provides information when Sigma Bond occurs or results.   http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm
  

  Pi Bonds
  

• Tutorial on how carbon forms tetravalent bonds, and after showing the steps of bonding, it compares Pi Bonds and Sigma bonds using a colorful and clear structural image of ethane. http://home.att.net/~cat6a/carb_bonds-I.htm

• Very interactive tutorial on Sigma and Pi Bonds, using (acetylene, ethane, and ethylene) as an example to show a step by step change in the bonding by simply clicking ‘next’ and ‘back’. http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/animations/chang_7e_esp/bom5s2_6.swf

• Brief description of Pi Bonds and it includes other related topics such as a link that gives brief information on Bond Type Conventions for Common Chemical Groups. http://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/support/documentation/mogul/portable/mogul.3.172.html

• Overall tutorial about chemical bonding and short tutorial that shows comparison between Sigma and Pi bonds with bonding illustrations. http://crystalclearchemistry.com/organic/concepts/bonding.php

• Tutorial on Covalent bonding but it includes description about sigma and pi bonds when the tutorial explains Valence Bond Theory. http://lhs2.lps.org/staff/sputnam/chem_notes/UnitIV_Covbonding.htm
  

Acid and Base Equilibrium

• This tutorial will allow you to explore the effect of changing reaction conditions on the acid-base equilibrium reactions of bromoacetic acid, a simple organic acid and it includes explanations about that variable's effect on equilibria. http://www.cem.msu.edu/~parrill/equilibria/

• Provides a review of General Equilibrium, Solubility Equilibrium, and Ion Hydrolysis, using tables, examples that include calculation, and important notes. http://www.utc.edu/Faculty/Gretchen-Potts/chemistryhelp/acidbase.htm

• Tutorial on experimenting with base and acid.  Provides a step by step instruction on how to use certain software (Acid and Base Netscape) that has a pop menu to enter information, and calculates PH. http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ronutt/che115/AcidBase/Acid_Base_Tutor.htm

• The website provides Chemistry Experiment Simulations, Tutorials and Conceptual Computer Animations for Introduction to College Chemistry, and there is a long list of simulation and animations on Acid -Base Equilibria. http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projectfolder/animationsindex.htm
  

Resonance 

• Provides tutorial on how to draw contributing resonance structures and the resonance hybrid structure and explains and demonstrates important structures with brief explanations. It Includes exercises along with their solutions.  http://web.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/tutorials/resonance/draw_res_str.html

• Tutorial on what Resonance is, it rules, the interconversion between resonance, and what resonance in motion looks like.  The tutorial is accompanied by exercise problems and examples that show resonance in motion. http://www.nku.edu/~russellk/tutorial/reson/resonance.html

• Brief information about resonance and resonance hybrid, provides structures and shows their differences and explains which resonance structures are equivalent forms and which are classified as nonequivalent forms. http://www.chem.uic.edu/web1/OCOL-II/WIN/STRUCT/F14.HTM
  

Isomers

• Tutorial provides a diagram with hyperlinked terms. The terms are the different types of Isomers i.e. structural isomerism and stereo isomerism.  It briefly discusses each type and it also provides information about the different types within each type of isomers. It provides links to important terms for further detailed description.  http://www.creative-chemistry.org.uk/molecules/isomers.htm

• The tutorial is on Nomenclature of Alkanes, but there is short section on Isomers that briefly describes what it is and uses these compounds: butane and 2-methyl propane, to illustrate the information given in the description. http://www.sciencegeek.net/APchemistry/organic/ochem.shtml

• Tutorial provides information on Molecular Shapes and Isomers, it defines structural and geometrical isomers, and it uses a table format to define: chemical formula, structural formula, and chemical structure. http://faculty.otterbein.edu/djohnston/chem220/tutorial1/tutorial1.html

 

 Recommended Journal Databases

Academic Search Complete

• Academic Search Complete is a scholarly collection providing full text journal coverage for nearly all academic areas of study - including social sciences, humanities, education, computer sciences, engineering, language and linguistics, arts & literature, medical sciences, and ethnic studies, etc. Full text for nearly 4,600 scholarly publications, coverage dating back to 1975.

American Chemical Society Journals

• Journal Article Database with Full Text,  that covers Subjects: Agricultural science, biotechnology, analytical chemistry, applied chemistry, biochemistry & molecular biology, chemical biology, chemical engineering, computer science, crystallography, energy & fuels, food science, environmental science, inorganic & nuclear chemistry, material science, medicinal chemistry, organic chemistry, pharmacology, physical chemistry, plant sciences, polymer science, and toxicology.

DGRweb: American Chemical Society Directory of Graduate Research

• Research Chemical Research with listings for Chemistry, Chemical engineering, Biochemistry, Medicinal/pharmaceutical chemistry, Polymers and materials science, Marine science, Toxicology, and Environmental science. Provides information on 668 academic departments; 10,118 faculty members; and 68,243 publication citations.

Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry

• Computational chemistry and related disciplines, covers over 300 main articles and 375 definition articles - with regular updates.

Royal Society of Chemistry Journals

• Covers subjects of chemical chemistry, from 1841 – Present

Science and Technology Collection

• Covers subjects such as: Aeronautics, astrophysics, chemistry, computer technology, geology, aviation, physics, archaeology, and materials science.  Contains over 830 leading full text journals and offers indexing and abstracts for more than 1,740 publications

SciFinder Scholar

• 1907 - Present Over 1600 chemistry journals are indexed cover-to-cover and 8,000+ journals are monitored, this is the BEST tool to use to find chemical or chemistry related information.

Science Citation Index

• Multidisciplinary index to the international literature for all areas of science and technology, covering the most cited journals. Covers over 3,300 of the world's most significant scientific and technical journals across more than 160 scientific disciplines, with over 700,000 new items indexed each year.

SpringerLink

• Subjects are grouped as: Medicine and public health; medicine; biomedical and life sciences; engineering, life sciences; Russian library of science; humanities, social sciences, and law; earth and environmental science; chemistry and materials science; and chemistry. Access to all Springer-Verlag journal titles in full text. Over 1,250 fully peer-reviewed journals and more than 10,000 books online.
  

TOXNET (National Library of Medicine)

• A cluster of databases covering toxicology, hazardous chemicals and environmental health. Literature coverage of the biochemical, pharmacological, physiological and toxilogical effects of all types of chemicals.

Wiley InterScience

• Full text access from 1997 to current for over 350 Wiley journals in biology, chemistry, mathematics, behavioral sciences, and computer sciences.  Organized as three linked databases within the NCBI's Entrez information retrieval system. These are PubChem Substance, PubChem Compound, and PubChem BioAssay. PubChem also provides a fast chemical structure similarity search tool.

PubChem

• PubChem provides information on the biological activities of small molecules. PubChem is organized as three linked databases within the NCBI's Entrez information retrieval system. These are PubChem Substance, PubChem Compound, and PubChem BioAssay. PubChem also provides a fast chemical structure similarity search tool. More information about using each component database may be found using the links above.

National Library of Medicine gateway

• NLM Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing "one-stop searching" for many of NLM's information resources or databases

Ingenta

• Offers fee-for-service document delivery for journal articles that are both difficult to locate and needed quickly. Ingenta features a searchable database of more than 21,394,194 citations from over 30,367 publications. It can provide articles published since 1988.

Synthesis Reviews

• We are pleased to announce the availability of the latest up-date to Synthesis Reviews. The database now contains articles published before 2009. Synthesis Reviews is a database that can be accessed free of charge and contains 24,860 English language review articles (from journals and books) of interest to synthetic organic chemists.

Print References

• Encyclopedia of chemistry / Don Rittner and Ronald A. Bailey

• The Facts on File dictionary of inorganic chemistry / edited by John Daintith

•  A dictionary of chemistry / edited by John Daintith.

• The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals / Maryadele J. O'Neil, editor ... [et al.].

• Chemistry: foundations and applications / J.J. Lagowski, editor in chief.

•  International critical tables of numerical data, physics, chemistry and technology

Electronic References

•   AccessScience   An Encyclopedia with 7000+ Science topics, technology. Over 8,500 online articles, Research Updates, 110,000+ definitions, 15,000 illustrations and graphics, and bibliographies containing more than 28,000 literature citations, contributions by more than 5000 researchers, biographies of more than 2,000 well-known scientists, and the latest news in science and technology

• Encylopedia of Computational Chemistry  Contains over 300 reviewed articles.  This resource is maintained by UNT Libraries. You will be asked for you a username and password if accessing off campus. 

• Ullman's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry contains nearly 1000 full text articles written by experts.  This resource is maintained by UNT Libraries. You will be asked for you a username and password if accessing off campus

   

Please contact me if I can help! Have a great semester.

 

Beth

beth.thomsett-scott@unt.edu

Science and Engineering Librarian

 

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